Acid and magnesium Essay Example for Free

Acid and magnesium Essay B unit for rate constant is not definite, because I am not certain what order the reaction is So Rate = 0. 0490 [HCl] 1. 90 This shows the rate is very dependent on the [HCl], the concentration against time is illustrated in graph 8. The reaction for H2SO4 is: H2SO4(aq) + Mg(s) H2(g) + Mg SO4 (aq) Graph 4 is Rate against [H2SO4]. I found the line of best fit is roughly a straight line. Graph 5, I plot Rage against [H2SO4] 2 and found the line of best fit is a curve. N. B the error bars shows the uncertainty is higher than I purposed Using the log method again, I found the line is y = 1. 33x 0. 889 So overall order is 1. 33 and k is 0. 129 So Rate = 0. 129 [H2SO4] 1. 33 However, the order of a reaction must be a integer, because number of particles are discrete. So the order I obtain must be an average order of the reaction. From graph 3 and 6, the points are not fitted with the line of best fit that means the gradient is not constant, hence the order is not constant throughout the reaction. The gradient of the first few points is big and decrease hence the order is high at the beginning, and decrease as the reaction proceeds. Integrated Rate Laws. Using the integrated Rate Laws, I can see how [acid] varies with time. I assume [HCl] is second order and [H2SO4] is first order. F According to the graph, the reactions seems stop after 50seconds, which is the same results in table 4. However, these two graphs are only estimations, because I have to assume the order of the reaction in the first place. For Experiment 2: HCL and Mg Using table 6, I plotted graph   and Mg Using table 7, I plotted graph 8, do some calculation as above, line of best fit is y = -1800x + 1. 71 EA= 18008. 31=15000j=+15kJ According to the rate equation, Rate = k[Acid] a, a would affect the rate, and I used Ln K for the calculation above, where I assume a is a constant. My results from experiment 1 shows that the order may have changed as concentration changes , according to graph 1 and 2, because the rate slowing down. Just look at the last two results on graph 1 and 2, it seems the order has decrease to zero, because the line of best fit is a horizontal line. This can due to the experiment error I described in page 12. Same case applied sulphuric acid, the order may has slow down as concentration increases. For experiment 3 Enthalpy HCl and Mg Q=cmT = specific heat capacity of solution x mass of the solution x temperature change. Having work out the enthalpy change for the whole reaction, the energy liberated during 20% of the reaction can be calculated. Table 11 Change of temperature during the 20% of the reaction for HCl and Mg Concentration/ moldm-3 Volume/ cm3 Mole Energy liberated during the 20% reaction/j Change in Temp/ Table 12 Change of temperature during the 20% of the reaction for H2SO4 and Mg Concentration/ moldm-3 Volume/ cm3 Mole Energy liberated during the 20% reaction/j Change in Temp/ oThe material below is reference to Chemistry in Context, it talks about the effect of temperature rise(below). From the kinetic theory, we can predict the relative increase in number of collisions when the temperature rises by 10K. The kinetic energy of a particle is proportional to its absolute temperature: 1/2mvi ? T But the mass of a given particle remains constant Vi ? T Therefore Vi 1 = T1 Vi 2 T2 Where V1 is the velocity at temperature T1, and V2 is the velocity at temperature T2. Now, suppose that the average speed of a particle is V at 300K. We can work the average speed at 310K by using the equation. This therefore shows that the average speed at 310K is only 1. 016 times greater than that at 300K i. e. it has only increased by 1. 6%. So as the calculation above, I can work out the increase in speed of particles, using the temperature change in table 12 and 13. Temperature in the solution is 24 oc, as I measured. Table 14 % increase in velocity of the particles during the reaction for HCl and Mg Concentration/ moldm-3 Temp before(T1)/ oc Temp after(T2)/ oc T2/T1 % increase in V. Table 15 % increase in velocity of the particles during the reaction for H2SO4 and Mg, Concentration/ moldm-3 Temp before(T1)/ oc Temp after(T2)/ oc T2/T1 % increase in V Entropy. The entropy of this reaction also tell us how likely the reaction would occur. HCl and Mg 2HCl(aq) + Mg(s) H2(g) + MgCl2 (aq) ?Stotal=? Ssurrouding+ ? Ssystem ?Ssurrouding= -? H/T, (T=298K, room temp) and we worked out ? H before, -1. 17kJ, Ssurr = +3. 93 Jmol-1K-1 ?Ssystem=Product Reactant , values are obtained from the databook, H2 (65. 32)+MgCl2 (89. 6)- 2(H+(0)+Cl-(56. 5))-Mg(32. 7)=+74. 5 Jmol-1K-1 ?Stotal= +78. 43 Jmol-1K-1 We can deduced that the reaction would happen spontaneously in 298K H2SO4 and Mg, H2SO4 (aq) + Mg(s) H2(g) + Mg SO4(aq) Same calculation as above, ? Stotal=? Ssurrouding+ ? Ssystem ?Ssurr=+3. 79 Jmol-1K-1 ?Ssys= Mg SO4 (91. 6) + H2 (65. 32) Mg(32. 7) H2SO4 (0+ 20. 1)=+169. 2 Jmol-1K-1 ?Stotal= +173 Jmol-1K-1 Confidently, we can deduced that the two reaction would happen spontaneously in 298K So far, for HCl and Mg, I have found Rate = 0. 0490 [HCl] 1. 90 EA =+16. 6kJ ?H= 1. 17kJ per mole ?Stotal= +78. 43 Jmol-1K-1 For H2SO4 and Mg, Rate = 0. 129 [H2SO4] 1. 33 EA= +15kJ ?H= 1. 30kJ per mole ?Stotal= +173 Jmol-1K-1 The likelihood of the reaction The reaction is very likely to happen. This is because ? Stotal is positive, suggest spontaneous reaction and its =+16. 6kJ is not very high. When the concentration increases, the temperature increases as in graph 10, hence a increase in speed of particles (graph 12), and 0. 5xMxv2 is KE, so KE increase by the square of v, which is a big gain in energy, so the activation energy curve is shifted to the right hand said and more particles has the KE to go over the energy barrier. This means the higher the concentration the higher increase in temperature, so higher velocity of particles, higher KE, hence more particles have enough energy to complete the reaction, so more likely the reaction would happen. Difference in rate. Two acids are ionic Ionic equation for acid and Mg: 2H+(aq) + Mg(s) H2(g) + Mg2+(aq) H2SO4 is dibasic and HCl is monobasic. They are all strong acid, means the H+ would dissociated fully. H2SO4 has 2 acid protons and HCl only has 1 acid proton. So 0. 1mol wrt [HCl], is 0. 1mol wrt [H+], and 0. 1mol wrt [H2SO4] and 0. 2mol wrt [H+]. The rate for sulphuric acid ought to be higher than hydrochloric acid, because the more the acid proton, the quicker the acid proton dissociate. However, when we consider about the spectator ions, SO42+ and Cl-, there is a significant difference in size, Cl- has ionic radius of 0. 180nm, S8+ has ionic radius of 0. 102nm, covalent radius of 0. 102nm, and O2+ has ionic radius of 0. 140nm and covalent radius 0. 073nm. For SO42+ overall is roughly about 0. 140 0. 103 0. 101 0. 140 the length of SO42+ is about 0. 140 + 0. 102 + 0. 102 = 0. 344 is about 2 times bigger the Cl ions. The atomic weight of SO4 is 32 + 164 = 96, and Cl is 35. SO4 is 2. 7 times heavier. From these evidence, I can suggest that during the collision, the spectator ions SO4 and Cl affect the rate of reaction as well. The SO4 ion is bigger than the Cl, so the sulphuric acid reaction, the SO4 slows down the rate of collision because of its size. But for hydrochloric aicd reaction, the Cl is relatively small and lighter, so the collision is easier to happen, hence a quicker rate of reaction.   Keith Li 111 1 Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Patterns of Behaviour section.

Speaking From Within: A Discussion on Our Innate Ability to Learn Languages :: Biology Essays Research Papers

Speaking From Within: A Discussion on Our Innate Ability to Learn Languages For years since I moved to the United States after the age of nine, I've always been frustrated at the lack of improvement in my ability to speak English without a trace of foreign accent and my ability to write without any grammatical errors. It always seemed to me that learning languages is unlike learning anything else, I can logically understand the pronunciation of the a word or the rules of grammar, but for reasons unknown, I always found it hard to incorporate logical knowledge of language into the actual speaking and writing of English. I started to surf the web in attempt to find the reasons to why, even after spending more than half of my life in the U.S, I still cannot speak and write as well as people who were born or came here at a much younger age. At first I though the answer would be something to the extend of finding a region of the brain that is specialized for the learning of languages and that region is more developed in people other than I, who are good at linguistics. However, it turned out that the answer entails more than specialized regions in the brain, while there are regions in the brain that are specific for processing languages, what I found more interesting is that there is much evidence that supports the selectivist theory, found by Noam Chomsky that the ability to learn language is innate. Here innate means that  ¡Ã‚ °the language template is pre-organized in the neuronal structure of the brain, so that the fact of being an integral part of a given environment selects the borders of each individual neuronal structure without affecting its fine organization, which pre-exists. ¡Ã‚ ± (1) In this paper, I wish to point out evidence that supports this theory of the innateness of language, and to exam how the l anguage template develops. In conclusion, I wish to gain a better understand of my own language learning process in light of these new findings. One evidence that points to the innateness of language is the accuracy and speed at which humans process language and the accelerating rate at which children acquire language.  ¡Ã‚ °Ã‚ ¡Ã‚ ­ the average speaker produces approximately 150 words per minute, each word chosen from somewhere between 20000 and 40000 alternatives, at error rates below .1%. The average child is already well on her way toward that remarkable level of performance by 5 years of age, with a vocabulary of more than 6000 words and productive control over almost every aspect of sound and grammar in her language. Speaking From Within: A Discussion on Our Innate Ability to Learn Languages :: Biology Essays Research Papers Speaking From Within: A Discussion on Our Innate Ability to Learn Languages For years since I moved to the United States after the age of nine, I've always been frustrated at the lack of improvement in my ability to speak English without a trace of foreign accent and my ability to write without any grammatical errors. It always seemed to me that learning languages is unlike learning anything else, I can logically understand the pronunciation of the a word or the rules of grammar, but for reasons unknown, I always found it hard to incorporate logical knowledge of language into the actual speaking and writing of English. I started to surf the web in attempt to find the reasons to why, even after spending more than half of my life in the U.S, I still cannot speak and write as well as people who were born or came here at a much younger age. At first I though the answer would be something to the extend of finding a region of the brain that is specialized for the learning of languages and that region is more developed in people other than I, who are good at linguistics. However, it turned out that the answer entails more than specialized regions in the brain, while there are regions in the brain that are specific for processing languages, what I found more interesting is that there is much evidence that supports the selectivist theory, found by Noam Chomsky that the ability to learn language is innate. Here innate means that  ¡Ã‚ °the language template is pre-organized in the neuronal structure of the brain, so that the fact of being an integral part of a given environment selects the borders of each individual neuronal structure without affecting its fine organization, which pre-exists. ¡Ã‚ ± (1) In this paper, I wish to point out evidence that supports this theory of the innateness of language, and to exam how the l anguage template develops. In conclusion, I wish to gain a better understand of my own language learning process in light of these new findings. One evidence that points to the innateness of language is the accuracy and speed at which humans process language and the accelerating rate at which children acquire language.  ¡Ã‚ °Ã‚ ¡Ã‚ ­ the average speaker produces approximately 150 words per minute, each word chosen from somewhere between 20000 and 40000 alternatives, at error rates below .1%. The average child is already well on her way toward that remarkable level of performance by 5 years of age, with a vocabulary of more than 6000 words and productive control over almost every aspect of sound and grammar in her language.

William Butler Yeats

To Yeats, his ideas of the Irish politics of his time were never far from his modernist poems. He makes the political world seem a place of passion and contradictions, like art, requiring of us not to understand history in moral terms, such as â€Å"good and bad† but, rather, in seemingly emotionally artistic terms, like â€Å"pity† or â€Å"terror. † For example, in the poem, â€Å"Easter 1916,† Yeats fixes on the horror and captivation of the considerably devastating event of the Irish uprising. In the first stanza, the line â€Å"Being certain that they and I/ But lived were motley is worn,† signifies and emphasizes Yeats strong idea of â€Å"Irish-ness†. It is as if these men and women that he speaks of, such as Pearse and MacBride, share essentially nothing with him, nothing with each other really, except for their Irishness – the â€Å"motley† that they wore and their passion for Irish Independence – their â€Å"hearts with one purpose alone†. He recognizes and glorifies their â€Å"number in the song,† their part in the war and this brings in a technique in which Yeats quite often used which was that of encompassing classical allusions within his poetry. For example, the line, â€Å"This man had kept a school/and rode our winged horse† invites the image of Pearse, the man, riding Pegasus, a mythical beast or, it transforms Pearse into an ancient Irish hero, Cuchulain. By using classical allusion, Yeats is effectively ascending his characters into an almost intangible and iconic state. They are more than human and thus glorified, which is then ultimately sculpting Irish politics into an almost mythical state. In addition, the paradoxical line, â€Å"a terrible beauty is born,† returns in the poem like an impersonal chorus, suggesting an almost strangely impersonal event. The line, â€Å"All changed, changed utterly/ a terrible beauty is born† is a lyrically artistic buildup of stress that becomes almost chime- like in the poem, calling and announcing the coming of the birth of a new and terrible age.

Interview an Entrepreneur - 1429 Words

â€Å"An entrepreneur tends to bite off a little more than he can chew hoping he’ll quickly learn how to chew it.† (Roy Ash) Thirty-two years ago, Steve Celar embarked on the journey of starting up his first business. After many years of struggle and hard work, his business has expanded into different areas other than what he had originally intended, all of those businesses are centered on cars but mainly, Hot Rods. Steve is the founder and sole-proprietor of Kalamity Kars, and Kalamity Krash Repair. In 1978 when Steve founded Kalamity Krash Repair, Helena had little to offer for minor bodywork repair shops. There were approximately 7 or 8 competing shops in town. When first starting off, Steve did not necessarily think of himself as an†¦show more content†¦Participating in these events is another great way that Steve markets himself and the businesses. It really gives him a chance to get his businesses’ names out there. The next question I asked to Steve was, â€Å"Are your businesses involved in the community?† Steve donates annually to Small Fry Football, Helena Little League, and various children’s sporting events around time. He is also a member of Helena Hot Rod Association, and The Good Guy Hot Rod Association. Investing in the community is an excellent way to give back to the people that have helped to make your business grow, also; most donations are tax deductable. Helping out the community can also raise your business’s profile and help your business’s name become better known. My seventh question for Steve was, â€Å"How have you made your business grow?† Steve stated, â€Å"High Quality service and reliability.† Steve also at one point increased the size of his shop and had to hire workers. His new improved shop is 5000 square feet, and is built on % acres of land that Steve owns. The new shop has a factory style paint room, state of the art tools and drive on frame machine. He also now has various safety equipment such as; a fire safety system and state of the art exhaust system. As I stated before, when Steve first started out, he only had Kalamity Krash Repair. Overtime, he slowly started buying and selling cars and before he knew it, he was startingShow MoreRelatedInterview With An Entrepreneur Interview2328 Words   |  10 PagesEntrepreneur Interview Name of the student: Name of the university: Author’s Note:â€Æ' Table of Contents An interview with an Entrepreneur: 3 Report: 7 â€Æ' An interview with an Entrepreneur: In this report, an interview is conducted with the Founder, Jane Lu of the company Showpo. This online female fashion store, which was launched in 2010. Founder of the company is interrogated on her experiences and steps that she has taken in order to escalate business of the company. 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